{"id":104300,"date":"2017-03-18T10:15:44","date_gmt":"2017-03-18T08:15:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nedalshabi.ps\/?p=104300"},"modified":"2017-03-18T10:15:44","modified_gmt":"2017-03-18T08:15:44","slug":"%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%88%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%88-%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%83%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nedalshabi.ps\/?p=104300","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648-\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629..\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 :\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d. \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 (\u0647\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064a\u060c 2002: 77). \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u00bb (free trade imperialism) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629\u00bb (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c 1953). \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1820 \u06481870.<br \/>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1972\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0650\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u00bb (indirect rule)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c 1972). \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1984\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 (collaborators)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u00ab\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u00bb (collaborative arrangements) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 (\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c 1984: 45).<br \/>\n\u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb (formal empire) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 (colonialism). \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb (informal empire)\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0647-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647: 46). \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u00bb \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647: 50). \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u00ab\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u00bb \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u00ab\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb (informal imperialism) \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647: 51).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629<br \/>\n\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 (hierarchy). \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0638\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645 (clientelist hierarchy) (\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0634\u060c 2011: 213).<br \/>\n\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u00ab\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u00bb (hegemon) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a (\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0634\u060c 2006 (\u0623): 283). \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0630 \u0630\u0627\u0643. \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u00ab\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u00ab\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0647 (\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0634\u060c 2006 (\u0628): 458). \u062a\u0646\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u00bb (hegemonic stability theory) (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647: 455).<br \/>\n\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639. \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647: 459). \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0631\u00bb (coercitive empire) (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647: 457).<br \/>\n\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0632 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0640\u00ab\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0644\u0650\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647: 457 ).<br \/>\n\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0634 (\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0634\u060c 2012).<br \/>\n1. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<br \/>\n\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 (globalization I). \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648-\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<br \/>\n\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0633\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 (\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 1987).<br \/>\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1838 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u00bb (joint projects)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0648 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\u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 (\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0634\u060c 1993: 182). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0641\u0651\u0636\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0645\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646.<br \/>\n\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628. \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00bb (authoritarian populism) (\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0634\u060c 1990: 2).<br \/>\n\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645<br \/>\n\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a: 1) \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u00ab\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629. 2) \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644.<br \/>\n\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062d\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0626\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631. 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0640\u00ab\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u00bb (\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0634\u060c 2011: 224).<br \/>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0622\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0646 \u0644\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062e\u0651\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u00ab\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647 (\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0631\u060c 2014).<br \/>\n* \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<br \/>\nAlnasrawi Abbas, Arab Nationalism, Oil and the Political Economy of Dependency, New York and London: Greenwood Press, 1991.<br \/>\nBrewer Anthony, \u201cDependency Theories\u201d, in Brewer A., Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, London: Routledge, second edition, 1990, pp. 161-199.<br \/>\nBruton Henry, \u201c A Reconsideration of Import Substitution\u201d, in Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 35, June 1998, pp. 903-936.<br \/>\nDornbusch Rudiger, Stanley Fischer, Macroeconomics, McGraw-Hill, Fifth edition, 1990.<br \/>\nDos Santos Theotonio, \u201cThe Structure of Dependence\u201d, in American Economic Review, Vol. 60, May, 1970, pp. 231-236.<br \/>\nGallagher J, Ronald Robinson, \u201cThe Imperialism of Free Trade\u201d, in Economic History Review, 2nd series, 6, 1, 1953, pp. 1-15.<br \/>\nGore Charles, \u201cThe Rise and Fall of the Washington consensus as a Paradigm for Developing Countries\u201d, in World Development, vol. 28, No5, pp. 789-804, 2000.<br \/>\nHalliday Fred, \u201c The Pertinence of Imperialism\u201d, in Mark Rupert, Hazel Smith (eds.), Historical Materialism and Globalization, London, Routledge, 2002, pp. 75-90.<br \/>\nHalliday Fred. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.<br \/>\nHinnebusch Raymond, \u201cGlobalization, the highest stage of imperialism: core-periphery dynamics\u201d, in Stetter S. (ed.). The Middle East and Globalization: Encounters and Horizons, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, pp. 21-40.<br \/>\nHinnebusch Raymond, \u201cHegemonic Stability Reconsidered: Implications of the Iraq War\u201d, in Rick Fawn, Raymond Hinnebusch (eds.), The Iraq war: causes and consequences, Boulder : Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006 (a), pp. 283-322.<br \/>\nHinnebusch Raymond, \u201cSyria\u201d, in Tim Niblock, Emma Murphy (eds.), Economic and Political Liberalization in the Middle East, British Academic Press, London, N.Y., 1993, pp. 177-201.<br \/>\nHinnebusch Raymond, \u201cThe Iraq War and International Relations: Implications for Small States\u201d, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19, 3, 2006 (b), pp. 451-463.<br \/>\nHinnebusch Raymond, \u201cThe Middle East in the world hierarchy: imperialism and resistance\u201d, in: Journal of International Relations and Development, vol 14, n. 2, 2011, pp. 213-246.<br \/>\nHinnebusch Raymond, Authoritarian Power and State Formation in Ba\u2019thist Syria: Army, Party and Peasant, Westview Press, Boulder, Oxford, 1990.<br \/>\nOwen Roger, \u201cAn overview of contemporary Arab Economic experience with an argument concerning the general causes of its failure to develop beyond rent\u201d, Working paper, 12 May 2015, 6 pages.<br \/>\nPalma Gabriel, \u00ab The \u201cThree Routes\u201d to Financial Crises: Chile, Mexico, and Argentina [1] ; Brazil [2] ; and Korea, Malaysia and Thailand [3] \u00bb, in J. Eatwell, L. Taylor (eds.), International Capital Markets: Systems in Transition, Oxford University Press, 2002; reprinted in Chang Ha-Joon (ed.), Rethinking Development Economics, Anthem Press, 2003, pp. 347-376<br \/>\nRobinson Ronald, \u201cImperial Theory and the Question of Imperialism after Empire\u201d, In The Journal of Imperial and Communwealth History, 12: 2, 1984, pp. 42\u201354.<br \/>\nRobinson Ronald, \u201cNon-European Foundations of European Imperialism: Sketch for a Theory of Collaboration\u2019, in Owen, Roger, Robert Sutcliff (eds.), Studies in the theory of imperialism, London : Longman, 1972, pp. 117-140.<br \/>\nSeccareccia M., A. Parguez, \u201cLes politiques d\u2019inflation z\u00e9ro: la vraie cause de la hausse tendancielle du ch\u00f4mage dans les pays occidentaux\u201d, Working Papers &#8211; D\u00e9partement de sciences \u00e9conomiques-Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Ottawa, 22 pages.<br \/>\nSeccareccia M., M. Lavoie, \u201cLes id\u00e9es r\u00e9volutionnaires de Keynes en politique \u00e9conomique et le d\u00e9clin du capitalisme rentier\u201d, in Economie Appliqu\u00e9e, n. 1, 1989, pp. (47-69)<br \/>\nSeccareccia, M. and M. Lavoie, &#8220;Income Distribution, Rentiers and their Role in a Capitalist Economy: A Keynes-Pasinetti Perspective&#8221;, in Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET) Conference: Libert\u00e9, Egalit\u00e9, Fragilit\u00e9, Paris, April 8-11, 2015.<br \/>\nSmith, Tony. 1979. \u201cThe Underdevelopment of Development Literature: The Case of Dependency Theory\u201d, in World Politics. 31(2):247-288.<br \/>\nValter St\u00e9phane, \u201cLes tensions internationales, les BRICs et l\u2019Egypte\u201d, In S\u00e9minaire BRICs \u00e0 la F.M.S.H., le 23\/ 2\/ 2017, 21 pages.<br \/>\nWallerstein I, H. decdeli, R. Kasaba, \u201cThe Incorporation of The Ottoman Empire into the World Economy\u201d, in Huri Islamoglu-Inan (ed.), The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy, Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 88-97.<br \/>\nWaterbury John, &#8220;The Long Gestation and Brief Triumph of Import Substituting Industrialization\u201d, in World Development, vol. 27, no. 2, 1999, pp. 323-341.<br \/>\n\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637: 1952-2012\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631\u060c 5-12\/ 12\/ 2012.<br \/>\n\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0631\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 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145\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 11 \u0648 13 \u064815 \u0648 21 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 2000\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c 2001\u060c 241 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u060c \u0635. 17 &#8211; 92 .<br \/>\n\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0631\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0640\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c 13\u060c 14 \u0648 18 \/11 \/ 2014\u061b \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: &#8221; \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c 2015\u060c 47 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 (\u0623)\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c 26\/ 1\/ 2017.<br \/>\n\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 (\u0628)\u060c &#8220;\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u061f&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c 10\/ 3\/ 2017.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 2012-2022&#8243;\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2012\u060c 203 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 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